was primarily organised on the basis of kin, tribe and lineage." Īccording to Sharma, nowhere in the Ṛgveda or Atharvaveda "is there any evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage either between the Dasa and Aryan, or between the Shudra and the higher varnas".
Sharma states that "the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth. Īccording to Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". The Purusha Sukta verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a charter myth. 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, John Muir in 1868 suggested that the verse that mentions the four varnas has "every character of moderness both in its diction and ideas". While the Rigveda was most likely compiled between c. On the other hand, it could also represent an attempt to provide a common mythical origin for the heterogenous brahminical society. Sharma, the purpose of this verse may have been to show that shudras had the same lineage as the other varnas and hence were a section of the Vedic society. It states that the brahmin emerged from his mouth, the kshatriya from his arms, the vaishya from his thighs and the shudra from his feet. It describes the formation of the four varnas from the body of a primeval man. This mention is found in the mythical story of creation embodied in the Purusha Sukta ("The Hymn of Man"). The term śūdra appears only once in the Rigveda. In some cases, Shudras participated in the coronation of kings, or were ministers and kings according to early Indian texts. The word Shudra appears in the Rig Veda and it is found in other Hindu texts such as the Manusmriti, Arthashastra, Dharmashastras and Jyotishshastra. Theoretically, Shudras constituted a class serving other three classes. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. Shudra or Shoodra ( Sanskrit: Śūdra ) is one of the four varnas of the Hindu caste system and social order in ancient India.
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